The international trade system consists of thousands of unilateral, bilateral, regional, and multilateral rules and agreements among States. Trade agreements aim to ensure businesses can expand their operations more easily in the global marketplace through several opportunities, such as reduced trade barriers or stronger intellectual property protection.
As the UN Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner (OHCHR) highlighted in 2022, human rights and trade are interrelated concepts. Trade can foster economic growth and poverty reduction; help achieve development goals and promote the realisation of
human rights. On the other hand, trade liberalisation through bilateral, regional and/or multilateral agreements can also create severe adverse human rights impacts. For example, international trade agreements “solely focused on economic growth may create pressure on rural farmers to produce export crops or adversely impact on the livelihoods of vulnerable populations who trade at smaller scale or in informal systems”.
According to the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights (UNGPs), Guiding Principle 9, “States should maintain adequate domestic policy space to meet their human rights obligations when pursuing business-related policy objectives with other States or business enterprises, for instance through investment treaties or contracts.” The Commentary to the Guiding Principle 9 additionally clarifies that “States should ensure that they retain adequate policy and regulatory ability to protect human rights under the terms of such agreements, while providing the necessary investor protection”, because while economic agreements, including free-trade agreements, can create economic opportunities, they also can affect the domestic policy space of Governments, e.g. “the terms of international investment agreements may constrain States from fully implementing new human rights legislation, or put them at risk of binding international arbitration if they do so.”
The Gender Guidance to the UNGPs advises that “States should conduct periodic ex-ante and ex-post-gender responsive impact assessments of their trade and investment agreements” and that “States should explicitly include in such agreements a binding obligation of investors to respect women’s human rights under national and international law.”
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While trade is a significant tool to promote economic growth and development, according to a joint report by the OHCHR and the United Nations Development Programme, trade agreements that invariably impact human rights and the ability of States to regulate and protect the human rights of their people, are often negotiated without reference to their impact on the rights to health, education, food, work, and water.
As noted by the Third World Network in 2011, trade policies may have adverse human rights impacts, such as the impact of farming subsidies in developed countries on the right to food in developing countries, not least because of the speculation in food commodities or the impact of loss in tariff revenue through liberalisation in the services sector, as well as the adverse impact on the right to health of trade-related intellectual property rights (OHCHR).
One of the tools that States have to prevent adverse human rights impacts stemming from trade agreements is to conduct ‘Human Rights Impact Assessments’ (HRIAs) prior to entering into negotiations in order to anticipate the impacts a drafted trade agreement will have on society, the environment, and the economy of the negotiating parties and, on this basis, to improve regulatory trade options. A growing number of actors are calling States to conduct HRIAs. (OHCHR, Trade and Investment). In 2011, the UN Special Rapporteur on the Right to Food provided “Guiding Principles on Human Rights Impact Assessments of Trade and Investment Agreements”.
Responsible Business Conduct (RBC) agreements are another tool for ensuring that human rights are guaranteed across trade arrangements. KIT Royal Tropical Institute published an evaluation of Dutch RBC agreements in 2020. The objective of the evaluation was to find the extent of impact RBC agreements have had on advancing business and human rights due diligence in conformity with international frameworks such as OECD Guidelines and UNGPs.
The World Trade Organization (WTO) regulates and facilitates international trade. The WTO regime encompasses goods, services, and intellectual property and advocates for removing trade restrictions like tariffs. It promotes non-discrimination between trading partners and between national and foreign products. Despite promoting the removal of trade restrictions, the WTO also provides rules for exceptions, allowing governments to “deviate from their trade law obligations for specified social and environmental reasons.” In addition, the WTO Agreement on Fisheries Subsidies, agreed in 2022 and aims to promote ocean sustainability by prohibiting harmful fisheries subsidies, is deemed as ‘’the first WTO Agreement to place an environmental objective at its core”.
Trade agreements signed between States outside of the WTO system can be a significant legal tool to make a substantial impact on various aspects of sustainability, including human rights, labour rights, and environmental protection. For example, the European Commission states that modern EU trade agreements require the EU and its partner countries to respect and implement the International Labour Organization’s (ILO) fundamental conventions on freedom of association, forced or compulsory labour, child labour, and ending discrimination in the workplace. As another example, trade agreements that are linked to preferential treatment (PTAs – Preferential Treatment Agreements), like the Special Incentive Arrangement for Sustainable Development and Good Governance (GSP+) under the GSP Regulation, may go as far as to grant full removal of EU customs tariffs on over 66% of product tariff lines to support vulnerable developing countries through increased trade with Europe and provision of incentives to take tangible measures towards sustainable development. At the same time, the GSP+ makes the preferential treatment conditional on efforts aimed to ratify and implement 27 core international conventions on human and labour rights, environmental protection, and good governance. It is estimated that 75% of the world’s governments now participate in PTAs with human rights provisions.
In 2023, scholars highlighted that a number of recent Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) incorporate clauses which impose obligations on businesses involved in trading goods and services. For example, trade agreement between EFTA countries and Indonesia (Indonesia–EFTA CEPA) includes sustainability provisions on palm oil. In this context, importers of palm oil & palm oil products must prove compliance with the sustainability standards produced by the Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil, a third-party certification body, to benefit from the preferential tariff treatment in Switzerland.
Despite the EU’s efforts to conduct sustainability impact assessments during trade negotiations and ex-post evaluations, the EU-US Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) and the EU-Canada Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA) have called into question the impact and credibility of the EU’s approach to human rights in its external trade policy, given selective and uneven application of the human rights instruments, and insufficient attention to HRIAs of the potential trade agreements.
Some FTAs also include investment chapters and adopt a broad definition of ‘investment’ to provide certain protections for foreign investors. However, these agreements often lack enforceable human rights conditions and obligations for businesses and investors. Moreover, they may feature provisions restricting the host State’s ability to enact regulations promoting human rights. When disputes arise between a foreign investor and the public interest, for example, in relation to raising the minimum wage or passing new legislation on land tenure regimes, the dispute settlement mechanism in these agreements allows foreign investors to sue governments in private international arbitration cases. The Investor-State-Dispute-Settlement (ISDS) clause in agreements enables companies to sue for any “expropriation” or imposition on their investment and expected profits. (See: Investment Treaties & Investor-State Dispute Settlements)
In addition to reforming trade agreements with human-rights-centred provisions, States are also adopting increasing numbers of unilateral trade measures to ensure that their supply chains are not tainted with products violating environmental and human rights protections. For example, the US adopted the Uyghur Forced Labour Prevention Act in 2021, which aims to prevent importing goods into the US from China’s Xinjiang region, unless importers can prove that their products are not made with forced labour. Similarly, the EU Forced Labour Regulation (expected to be formally adopted in 2024) bans domestic and imported products with forced labour from being sold or exported in the Union market. As another example, the EU has adopted the Deforestation Regulation 2023, which sets mandatory due diligence rules for companies that want to place soya, cattle, oil palm, rubber, wood, cocoa, and coffee commodities, as well as derived products, including leather, furniture, oil cakes, and chocolate. It aims to ensure that only products that are deforestation-free, produced in accordance with national laws, and covered by a due diligence statement are allowed in the EU market. (Danish Institute for Human Rights, How do the Pieces Fit in the Puzzle?)
Trade agreements can affect gender equality in various ways. WTO highlighted in its 2020 report that “trade can substantially improve economic outcomes for women by increasing employment and wages, creating better jobs, and lowering costs.” On the other hand, as noted in the Gender Guidance to the UNGPs, “[a]s trade and investment policies are often gender-neutral, they tend to exacerbate existing discrimination against women.” As trade policies affect men and women differently, design, implementation, and evaluation of trade policies should adopt gender lends to reveal the impact of trade on gender equality. Some States included standalone gender chapters in their PTAs, although generally in the form of cooperation and dialogues.
Trade also has been an integral part of the sustainable development agenda since the Agenda 21 was adopted in Rio in 1992. In 2015, the Addis Ababa Agenda on Financing for Development recognised international trade as “an engine for inclusive economic growth and poverty reduction, and contributes to the promotion of sustainable development.” Under the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, trade is covered by Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) targets 17.10 – 17.12. These outline a vision for a rules-based, non-discriminatory global trading system which is more favourable to developing countries than is currently the case. SDGs target 17.15 of the 2030 Sustainable Development Agenda, which, in turn, mandates “respect each country’s policy space and leadership to establish and implement policies for poverty eradication and sustainable development”. (See the Issue page on the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development for more information).
For more on trade and human rights, including detailed information on the trade-related aspects of intellectual property and its impacts on access to medicine, or agricultural trade liberalisation and its impact on the right to food and human rights in preferential trade agreements, see the Danish Institute for Human Rights’ Means of Implementation.
What National Action Plans say on Trade and investment
Belgium (2017 - open)
Action point 9
Strengthen collaboration between public services and the various organizations active in the field of human rights and of international entrepreneurship
This point brieflyy references the issue of trade in regards to the government of Bruxelles objective to “ask its economic and trade personnel abroad to disseminate the information gathered by the federal government on the human rights situation of the specific country in question, to the companies that use their services.”
Action point 10
Belgium is committed to integrating human rights and corporate social responsibility (CSR) criteria into the local private sector development support strategy of Belgian cooperation
This point in the Belgian NAP briefly mentions “the promotion of fair and sustainable trade and the support of social economy and the favoring of socially responsible entrepreneurship” as one of the areas that the cooperation for Belgian development will monitor.
Action point 11
Ensure better coordination between federal and regional authorities in order to integrate criteria relating to human rights and socially responsible entrepreneurship in public aid
This point aims at bringing together the various public services that work with Belgian companies on trade and foreign investment in order for them to exchange information at regular intervals. In this context, the government will examine a common method to integrate into the evaluation of applications the promotion of human rights and other aspects of social responsibility.
Action point 13
Strengthen and monitor the respect for human rights in public procurement
The Flemish Government briefly mentions fair and sustainable trade in its aim to support buyers in the integration of social criteria in public procurement. It also includes diversity, accessibility, and the inclusion of people from vulnerable groups.
Action point 17
Advocate for strengthening the integration of sustainable development (including human rights) in free trade agreements
This point presents the issue relating to free trade. “Trade,” it mentions, “must have a positive impact on work and environment.” The federal government expresses that within the European framework, Belgium wants to link free trade to a form of trade that is more sustainable. This will consist of monitoring the inclusion of human rights, as provided by the international treaties, in free-trade agreements. Also the action point describes that “any new trade or investment agreement must not have negative impact on sustainable development.” The Belgian authorities will actively engage in all European trade or investment treaties, in favor of the inclusion of sustainable development and the presence of social and environmental norms based on international standards.Moreover, the region of Bruxelles, mentions that HRIAs will be conducted before the ratification of any investment or trade agreements.
Action point 33
Import, export and transit of arms, ammunition, military and law enforcement equipment and dual-use goods
This point specifically concerns the trade of arms. The Flemish government states that the human rights criterion is strengthened in the Flemish Arms Trade Decree, to avoid, as a general rule, goods being delivered either directly or through unreliable or private enterprises, to actors found to be guilty of violations of human rights. However, several shortcomings to the Decree have been identified, and the objective is to address the gap through different optimization efforts both within the public and private sector. For instance, the Flemish government plans “to incorporate a broad legal basis to the Decree subordinating all transits to authorization requirement,” and “support Flemish companies in the development or improvement of their internal control programs until compliance of enforcement procedures.”
The General Directorate of International Economic Relations of the Foreign Ministry will encourage transparency and inclusion of the civil society both in the negotiation process and in the implementation of trade agreements, pursuant to the confidentiality framework agreed in each case thus generating spaces for the exchange of information, opinions and technical analysis, and through initiatives such as the “Cuarto Adjunto.”*
*The Cuarto Adjunto is understood as an open space for information and discussion with civil society and the private sector. At these meetings, stakeholders in each of the trade negotiation disciplines exchanged information, views and technical analysis with stakeholders in each of the areas covered (e.g. environmental, labour, intellectual property, market access, etc).
Strand 6: Strengthening Coherence between Public Policies
Action Point 6.3. (pages 45-46)
Through the General Directorate of International Economic Relations, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs will:
Reinforce the work of committees created pursuant to chapters contained in trade agreements about SMEs, cooperation, gender, environment, transparency and labour matters, so that they include human rights-related objectives in their duties, thus becoming a forum for carrying out relevant dialogues. In line with the above, DIRECON will encourage the development of specific coordination activities in the committees and promote the development of technical capacities in human rights.
Continue to promote, in international negotiations, both at a bilateral and multilateral level, Intellectual Property Schemes seeking a balance between the protection inventors and creator rights and the interests of society in general. In this context, apart from promoting Intellectual Property, consideration will be given to the respect for the human right of having access to knowledge and culture, and the right to healthcare. …
Strand 7: Strengthening of Coherence in International Policy
Action Point 7.2. (pages 47-48)
The Ministry of Foreign Affairs will: …
Through the General Directorate of International Economic Relations:
Seek to strengthen, in the negotiation of trade agreements, the revision of current agreements and/or unilateral and joint statements with trade partners, certain criteria and provisions highlighting the importance of social sustainability and responsibility, with special focus on the respect for human, environmental, social and labour rights; for example, by mentioning the United National Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights and or OECD Guidelines.
Propose, in the preamble of trade agreements, language showing full commitment with the respect for fundamental human rights, thus continuing the focus adopted in the agreement with the European Union.
Action Point 7.3 (page 48)
The Unit for International Affairs of the Ministry of Labour will:
Support the incorporation of the UN Guiding Principles in the trade agreements subscribed by our country, in coordination with the competent authorities, as relevant.
Pillar 2: The Corporate Responsibility to Respect Human Rights
Strand 2: Promotion of Corporate Due Diligence in the Field of Human Rights (page 54)
… Due diligence in human rights urges business enterprises to identify, prevent, mitigate and respond for the negative consequences of their activities on human rights, be them action or omissions directly with their operations, their products or services. Likewise, they must apply that care in their trade relations, including in deals with trade partners, bodies incorporated in their value chain and in any other instance related directly with their trade operations, products or services. …
Action Point 2.1 (pages 59-60)
The National Contact Point for OECD Guidelines (NCP) of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs will adopt a series of measures to strengthen its duties. For this, it will: …
Keep the Trade Offices periodically updated, both at a national and international level, as well as the Chilean Embassies abroad and future Chilean diplomats, about OECD Guidelines, through official messages, teleconferences, visits to Embassies/Regional Offices and coordination of the Chilean Diplomatic Academy.
Trade in military equipment is one of the riskier sectors from the perspective of human rights. While the manufacture of military equipment and arms is a traditional segment of Czech industry, these are goods that are susceptible to abuse, so they must be subject to regulation. A legislative act [Act No 38/1994 on external trade in military equipment and amending Act No 455/1991 on licensed trading (the Trading Act), as amended, and Act No 140/1961, the Criminal Code, as amended] establishes procedures for the authorisation of trade, conditions for the granting and use of licences, and general inspections of trade in military equipment, including penalties.
In the Czech Republic, there are two stages to checks on external trade in military equipment. The first stage is authorisation to engage in external trade in military equipment. The authorisation specifies specific items of equipment in which the holder can trade, and lists the countries where trade is permitted. Authorisation is issued by the Ministry of Industry and Trade on the strength of opinions submitted by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (encompassing foreign-policy interests, commitments under international treaties and membership of international organisations, including the protection of human rights), the Ministry of the Interior (encompassing public policy, security and protection of the population), and the Ministry of Defence (covering the provision of national defence).
The second stage is the licence for external trade in military equipment, which is required to carry out specific deals. The decision on whether to issue or refuse a licence rests with the Ministry of Industry and Trade, again in response to binding opinions from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (other than applications for transfer licenses for EU Member States), the Ministry of the Interior and, where the military equipment is significant, the Ministry of Defence (these opinions cover the same areas as those addressed for authorisation to engage in foreign trade in military equipment).
Checks on the use of exported arms rely, in part, on information in the end-user certificate (EUC). If doubts have arisen or if there are reasons for heightened prudence, the state may reserve the right to conduct a subsequent spot check via its embassy, and/or to make the delivery of military equipment conditional on the presence of state representatives at the destination.
Although this process is consistent with standards within the European Union, it is occasionally castigated on grounds of transparency, the amount of information released by the state, and the timeliness of access to such information. Every year, the Ministry of Industry and Trade publishes an Annual Report on Checks on the Export of Military Equipment, Small Arms for Civilian Use and Dual-use Items and Technology. In view of the sensitivity of this whole issue, these reports are consulted with the National Security Council and are subsequently approved by the Government ahead of publication. The annual reports are relatively lengthy, respect the methodology for drawing up common annual reports of the European Union, and mainly contain summaries and statistics. So much data is processed, and it is so taxing, that these annual reports tend not to be approved by the Government until July of the following year. The EU’s summary annual reports [In accordance with Article 8(2) of Council Common Position 2008/944/CFSP defining common rules governing control of exports of military technology and equipment] are published with a time lag of more than a year, which has also been criticised.
The Czech Republic also reports regularly to the UN on international transfers of conventional arms, small arms and light weapons. In accordance with Article 13 of the Arms Trade Treaty, the Czech Republic also submits a report to the Treaty Secretariat for the preceding calendar year concerning authorised or actual imports and exports of conventional arms. Information on specific transactions may be reported to the extent permitted by the protection of classified information and trade secrecy. However, non-profit organisations such as Amnesty International continue to criticise the Czech Republic for exporting weapons to “high-risk countries”.
Current state of play:
Trade in military equipment is regulated beyond the framework of national legislation and at EU level, in particular by Council Common Position 2008/944/CFSP defining common rules governing control of exports of military technology and equipment. That Common Position defines eight binding criteria for assessment of applications to export military equipment, including the need to consider the risk of potential violations of human rights.
The Czech Republic participates in a number of international schemes to regulate the arms trade. In particular, it is party to the Arms Trade Treaty (ATT), which provides that if there is a clear risk that the conventional arms to be exported might be used in the commission of serious violations of international humanitarian law, export will be denied.
The Ministry of Industry and Trade publishes annual reports on trade in military equipment. Some information is provided by the Ministry at half-yearly intervals outside of that process.
The Czech Republic regularly reports to international organisations or within the scope of international control regimes on the basis of binding international treaties.
Tasks:
Expand the half-yearly overviews issued by the Licensing Administration to include further information releasable in accordance with legislation and Government resolutions.
Coordinator: Ministry of Trade and Industry
Deadline: 30 June 2019
Hold regular meetings between the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Ministry of Industry and Trade and the non-governmental sector on issues of transparency and human rights in trade in military equipment.
Coordinators: Ministry of Industry and Trade, Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Deadline: Running
Offer all necessary cooperation and assistance to the Parliamentary Subcommittee on Acquisitions of the Ministry of Defence, Trade in Military Equipment and Innovations of the Armed Forces of the Czech Republic so that regular assessments can be carried out of the human rights risks posed by export licences and by military equipment exports that have been made.
Coordinators: Ministry of Industry and Trade, Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Deadline: Running”
Status in Denmark (initiatives implemented before the UN ratification of the Guiding Principles) [page 30]
“Besides following the government regulations with respect to export promotion, trade policy and political imposed trade sanctions and export controls, the EKF has initiated the development of a model that provides an over view of the business risk s that could potentially be related to human rights, labour rights, environment and climate in the countries where EKF is investing. EKF is screening the companies involved in the EKF’s transactions. There has not been any cases involving human rights issues.”
Appendix 1, GP 9
Status in Denmark (initiatives implemented before the UN ratification of the Guiding Principles) [page 31]
“The EU adheres to principles and standards on responsible business conduct such as the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises, which is also reflected in negotiations for free trade agreements that includes the area of investment.”
Initiatives taken or planned as a dedicated measure to implement the UNGPs (after the UN ratification of the Guiding Principles) [page 31]
“The Government actively supports substantial Trade and Development chapters in the EU’s bilateral free trade agreements as well as human rights suspension clauses in the same agreements. The new free trade agreement between the EU and Peru /Colombia is an important case in point, being substantially more ambitious in this area than earlier agreements. The new free trade agreement between the EU and Peru/Colombia is an important case in point, being substantially more ambitious in this area than earlier agreements.”
1.2 Activities in international organizations [page 14]
“As a follow-up measure, the working group proposes that
Finland shall bring forward questions related to human rights in international trade and development organisations and direct its support to programs related to business and human rights as part of Finland’s support to international trade and development organisations.
Finland supports the cooperation and discussion with the WTO and other essential international organisations such as ILO or WIPO (World Intellectual Property Organisation), carried out within the framework of the WTO Coherence Mandate.”
1.3 Activities in the EU [page 16-19]
TRADE POLICY
“The promotion of the realisation of human rights is a central part of the EU’s foreign relations. The common EU trade policy is carried out in the framework of the EU foreign relations principles and objectives. The common trade policy applies to third countries outside of the internal market. Member States cannot enact trade policy norms or conclude agreements between each other or with countries outside of the EU. The competencies transferred to the EU are exercised by its institutions. The Commission uses the competence outwards, representing the EU and negotiating on behalf of the Union.
The provisions on competencies and decision-making create the legal framework for the conduct of the EU’s trade policy, but material objectives are not provided for. The objectives are created in the interaction between the Commission and the member states. For Finland, it is essential to get Finland’s own national objectives integrated into the EU objectives.
As a follow-up measure, the working group suggests that in order to reinforce the human rights aspect in the EU trade policy:
Finland will support the strengthening of human rights assessments in third countries during EU trade or investment agreement negotiations and when monitoring their implementation. Finland shall make use of the human rights assessments in forming its own opinions related to trade policy positions. Finland supports that human rights will be taken in to account in the EU investment agreements or in potential new bilateral agreements made by Finland.
Finland endorses the inclusion of human rights clauses to all EU political framework agreements and their consideration as essentials elements in trade agreements. In trade agreements, Finland shall also endorse clauses enabling an exemption from agreed provisions in cases where the other contracting party violates human rights.
Finland shall monitor and influence human rights questions related to trade through the EU Generalised System of Preferences (GSP) by actively participating in the work of the Council of the European Union GSP Working Party and GSP Committee. The objective of Finland is for the system to promote the effective and efficient implementation of human rights in countries benefiting from the GSP. The system covers a special incentive mechanism for sustainable development and good governance (GSP+), a special arrangement for the least developed countries as well as a general arrangement.
Finland promotes human rights issues in the framework of bilateral and interregional trade agreements by making use of the work of the monitoring groups for sustainable development of those agreements in matters related to trade and labour rights.
Finland is involved in international work in UN decision-making bodies related to communication technologies (such as WSIS and the World Summit on the Information Society) as well as in other central international organisations (such as the Internet Governance Forum, IGF). The objective of Finland is to reinforce the administrative system of an open and inclusive network so that freedom of speech is ensured in the development of the international information society.
A report shall be made on how trade and human rights as well as trade and labour rights have been taken into consideration in the free trade agreements of the EU, the United States and some other countries (such as regulation, monitoring mechanisms, dispute settlement and implementation).
Principal responsible party: Ministry for Foreign Affairs, continuous activities, report by mid-2015.”
3 Expectations towards companies and support services
3.5 Support for Finnish and international organisations promoting the subject [page 28]
“As a follow-up measure, the working group proposes that
the possibilities of funding new programmes or initiatives be examined. These programmes or initiatives should be related to business
and human rights, particularly trade, business activities and rights at work, and they may have significantly positive effects on development.
Principal responsible party: Ministry for Foreign Affairs, schedule 2014 to 2015.”
France has played an important role in ensuring that these issues are high on the European agenda, particularly with respect to the adoption of the European directive on binding non-financial reporting, which France actively supported during negotiations. It also promoted the inclusion of social, environmental and governance standards in trade and investment agreements. …
Actions Underway [page 18]
France has transposed the European Directive on trade secrets into national law, allowing businesses to protect trade secrets while assuring the necessary transparency of business activities and conduct, and the protection of whistle-blowers acting in the public interest.
8. Trade and Investment Agreements [page 19]
In its 2013 opinion, the CNCDH underlined that “the need for coherence should guide France’s foreign policy” and recommended that, in accordance with Guiding Principle no.10, “the Government support and promote the aforementioned instruments within multilateral institutions dealing with economic, commercial and financial issues, including those that are binding, that are designed to ensure that businesses respect human rights.”
As for the National CSR Platform, it issued the following recommendations:
“Promote CSR and human rights in international trade, finance and investment agreements;
Increase the involvement of stakeholders in impact studies completed before trade negotiations with respect to CSR;
Ensure social and environmental clauses are included and respected under these agreements;
Reinforce the monitoring and evaluation of these agreements.”
France discussed CSR issues in a report on its international trade strategy and European trade policy (December 2015), clearly indicating that CSR is a concern addressed in its trade policies.
State measures to control access to domestic markets are powerful tools when it comes to protecting and supporting businesses that respect human rights.
However, in a document dated 24 June 2016, the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights expressed its concern at “the failure to devote sufficient attention to the impact that bilateral or multilateral trade or investment agreements concluded or being negotiated by the State party or the European Union have or will have on the enjoyment of Covenant rights in the other countries that are party to those agreements. The Committee is particularly concerned by the fact that the mechanisms for settling disputes between States and investors provided for in several agreements could reduce the State’s ability to protect and achieve some of the Covenant rights (art. 2 (1)).” Indeed, most bilateral investment agreements and a growing number of bilateral and regional trade agreements implement mechanisms for investor-State dispute settlement (ISDS). ISDS enables foreign investors to bring arbitration proceedings when they consider that host States have not complied with the terms of the original agreement. ISDS makes it possible to obtain rulings against States that do not respect their commitments (for example, due to discrimination on the basis of gender, religion, nationality, etc.). In 2014, more than 600 cases were registered around the world, not including private disputes between parties whose details were kept confidential.
In 2013, the EU and the United States began negotiating a Transatlantic Free Trade Agreement (TAFTA,) also known as the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP), which originally featured an ISDS clause. The EU has suggested replacing the ISDS clause with a bilateral investment dispute court or Investment Court System until a permanent multilateral court can been established. This reform is being defended in all European trade negotiations, and has already been accepted by Canada and Vietnam.
European trade agreements incorporate CSR and adherence to international conventions on labour and the environment. EU free trade agreements all include sustainable development chapters, which contain provisions on labour law and environmental protection. These chapters also refer to CSR. Provisions mainly reiterate key existing multilateral agreements (for example, ILO’s fundamental conventions in the labour field and multilateral environmental agreements in the environmental field). They also set out cooperation mechanisms for the parties in order to support progress in these fields. Sustainable development chapters in EU free trade agreements and investment agreements contain two further important provisions: one prevents parties to the agreement from lowering social and environmental standards to promote trade and attract investments; the other confirms States’ right to regulate in the social and environmental fields.
These provisions have been included in European trade agreements since 2008. They are now systematically incorporated into agreements being negotiated, including the TTIP. The European Commission can adapt commitments to social and environmental standards based on a country’s level of development.
Otherwise, France is currently revising its model agreement for the protection of investments. In particular, it is planning to significantly reinforce provisions on CSR and the State’s capacity to regulate in the social, environmental, health and cultural fields, as per the European draft model.
From the French perspective, addressing these issues in free trade agreements results in a number of weaknesses:
Firstly, State-to-State dispute settlement (SSDS) mechanisms do not apply to social and environmental standards and human rights clauses. If standards are not met, consultations take place between the EU and the third country, after which an expert committee is created to suggest possible solutions. Moreover, European trade agreements do not provide for sanctions, unlike US agreements, which have lower human rights standards than those concluded by the EU. The lack of sanctions makes these provisions difficult to enforce.
Secondly, although trade agreements include social and environmental standards and human rights clauses taken from the main international texts on labour laws and the environment, international organizations (the UNDP, ILO, etc.) are not involved in negotiations, despite the fact they carefully monitor the implementation of these texts (through regular reports by State parties, etc.). Instead, in trade agreements, a committee meeting at least once per year is charged with monitoring the implementation of sustainable development chapters. Civil society (NGOs and nonprofit organizations) can also act as whistle-blowers if these regulations are breached, although this power is not institutionalized. Discussions with civil society are generally formalized by way of an annual forum or consultative committee bringing together stakeholders from different backgrounds.
To respect human rights and support responsible practices, social and environmental costs must be included in cost prices. The EU condemns social and environmental dumping and selling at a loss. France must encourage the international bodies to which it is party to implement measures guaranteeing fair and undistorted competition.
In 2013, France issued a number of proposals to improve the way in which social and environmental standards were addressed in European trade agreements. These proposals are still relevant.
These proposals focus on five main areas:
Improving cooperation with international organizations working in the labour and environmental protection fields (ILO, UNDP, UNEP, etc.). Some of these
organizations, particularly UN organizations, are running cooperation projects in countries currently negotiating trade agreements with the EU. Some of these cooperation activities are oriented in such a way that they directly support the social and environmental goals set down in agreements. This is the case for some countries that have just concluded trade agreements or countries benefiting from Europe’s Generalised Scheme of Preferences (GSP).10
Improving the evaluation of sustainable development chapters through rigorous impact assessments. These impact assessments must provide a clear overview of social and environmental standards in countries negotiating agreements with the EU. France has completed a major revision of the European manual used to write these impact assessments. This could lead to progress in the field.
Giving civil society more power to monitor these chapters. In addition to the annual forums currently planned by the European Commission, European trade agreements could give civil society (NGOs and trade unions) a formal “whistle-blower” role, denouncing breaches of social and environmental standards. The Commission has decided not to look further into this option at this stage.
Improving the enforcement of existing sustainable development chapters by reinforcing implementation mechanisms. In November 2015, the French Minister of State for Foreign Trade sent a letter to European Commissioner Cecilia Malström asking the European Commission to investigate ways of including these chapters in dispute settlement mechanisms in trade agreements.
Increasing the involvement of businesses by including CSR requirements in sustainable development chapters in trade agreements. Currently, these chapters contain a short paragraph on CSR, but this should be reinforced by adding references to key international texts on the subject (particularly the OECD Guidelines).
Actions Underway [page 21]
France has undertaken to promote the UN Guiding Principles in its trade relations with other States and confirms its commitment to the hierarchy of norms when signing trade and investment agreements.
France also checks that all trade and investment agreements comply with international human rights law.
France, working with other European partners who support this initiative, is building on proposals made to the previous European Commission (in March 2013) to reinforce social and environmental standards in free trade agreements and monitor their enforcement.
Actions to be Implemented [page 22]
Monitor compliance with the recommendations issued by the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights in its opinion of 24 June 2016.
Encourage impact assessments to be completed before and after agreements are concluded and make all free trade agreements conditional on the inclusion of human rights clauses and the prioritization of the UN Guiding Principles.
Ensure that sustainable development chapters in EU free trade agreements are binding and enforceable under these agreements’ dispute settlement mechanisms.
Support responsible businesses by giving goods and services produced in compliance with human rights obligations better access to French and European
markets.
Initiate discussions on the consequences of failing to respect human rights and the inclusion of human rights in policies tackling unfair competition.
Contribute to debate on recognizing the concept of a group of companies in the EU. France’s General Secretariat for European Affairs will support this work and distribute relevant documentation to lead ministries, in order to guarantee inter-ministerial coordination on European issues and their assessment by European institutions.
Bi- and multilateral economic relations [page 17-18]
“Under Article 207 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU), commercial policy lies within the sphere of competence of the EU. Within the Federal Government, the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy is responsible for formulating German positions in the realm of commercial policy and advancing them in European and global forums. For the export-driven German economy, particular importance attaches to the elimination of trade barriers and reinforcement of the multilateral trade system. Trade, moreover, can make a major contribution to sustainable development. In this context, it is important that trade should be shaped in a development-friendly way. This means, for example, that environmental, social and human rights standards should firmly underpin free-trade agreements, which should be accompanied by impact-assessment and monitoring mechanisms.”
The current situation
“The institutions and Member States of the EU are also bound by their human rights obligations when implementing Union legislation. Germany supports the EU practice of agreeing on provisions designed to safeguard human rights in framework agreements with trading partners and using sustainability chapters in all new free-trade agreements to enshrine high labour, social and environmental standards. Germany is committed to the negotiation of comprehensive binding standards for inclusion in these sustainability chapters. The EU ‘Trade for All’ strategy which was presented in the autumn of 2015 also emphasises that commercial policy should advance sustainable development and human rights throughout the world. At the same time, freetrade agreements also guarantee the right to regulate, which preserves the necessary leeway for states to protect human rights.
The Federal Government supports further development of the range of instruments for human rights impact assessment of trade and investment agreements.”
Measures
“The Federal Government is pressing for the inclusion of an ambitious sustainability chapter in the planned TTIP agreement with the United States.
The Federal Government advocates and supports further development of the range of instruments for human rights impact assessments of the EU’s trade and investment agreements. Moreover, comprehensive impact assessments should be conducted before negotiations begin, so as to guarantee that the findings of the assessments can influence the negotiations.
In the framework of the Aid for Trade initiative, the Federal Government supports developing countries’ efforts to improve their trading opportunities. In the future, the Federal Government will focus even more sharply on supporting compliance with labour, social and environmental standards.
The EU Special Incentive Arrangement for Sustainable Development and Good Governance (‘GSP+’) can be used as a format for promoting the observance and application of human rights standards by governments of developing countries. In the forthcoming review process of 2018, the Federal Government will press for further strengthening of that instrument.”
1.3 State support
Export credits, investment guarantees and other instruments for the promotion of external trade [page 23-25]
“The instruments of external-trade promotion in Germany provide assistance for German enterprises in accessing and safeguarding foreign markets. The range of instruments includes the provision of advice by German diplomatic and consular missions, the network of German Chambers of Commerce Abroad and the Germany Trade & Invest (GTAI) agency. The Federal Government also supports participation in trade fairs abroad, arranges visits by delegations and funds hedging instruments such as export credit guarantees, known as Hermes guarantees, to insure export transactions, federal guarantees for direct investments abroad (DIAs) and untied loan guarantees as insurance for banks against the risk of default.”
Measures
“In addition, it is planned to introduce human rights due diligence reports into the assessment procedures of the insurance instruments for foreign trade in cases where there is a high probability of serious implications for human rights.
The National Contact Points for the OECD Guidelines (see subsection 4.2 below) will be upgraded to become the central grievance mechanism for external trade promotion projects.
The detailed procedure for assessing applications for the provision of export credit guarantees, guarantees for direct investments abroad and untied loan guarantees will be further reinforced as regards respect for human rights; this will entail measuring the procedure against the specific requirements set out in the NAP. To this aim, human rights will be treated as a separate point in future project assessments. The aim is to ensure that enterprises which avail themselves of foreign trade promotion instruments exercise due diligence. In particular, this includes participation in grievance proceedings initiated against them before the German National Contact Point for the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises.”
2.1 Ensuring the protection of human rights in supply and value chains
Measures [page 30]
“The Federal Government will support the systematic inclusion of sustainability chapters in free-trade agreements, which will prescribe, among other things, compliance with the ILO Core Labour Standards.”
2.3 Business activity in conflict zones [page 32]
“In fragile or war-torn countries, there is often a danger that trade in raw materials is cornered by destabilising players, who will use it for their own ends and thereby fuel existing conflicts.”
The current situation
“In 2011, the OECD published a guide to corporate responsibility along supply chains in which minerals from conflict zones are traded and handled. The guide, entitled OECD Due Diligence Guidance for Responsible Supply Chains of Minerals from Conflict-Affected and High-Risk Areas, has also been available in German since 2015. The primary aim of the Guidance is to curb the funding of armed conflicts from the proceeds of trade in raw materials; in addition, compliance with its recommendations would help to prevent serious human rights violations, especially child labour.”
3. Available means of practical implementation support [page 34]
Measures
“I. Helpdesk and initial consultation
The Federal Government will significantly increase the reporting and consultation output of German diplomatic and consular missions in collaboration with the other pillars of external-trade promotion, namely the Chambers of Commerce Abroad and Germany Trade and Invest. …”
VI. Monitoring [page 41]
“The interministerial committee will verify the implementation and coherence of the adopted measures and drive forward the development of the NAP implementation process. The main areas of activity to come under its scrutiny will be the measures relating to the state duty to protect (public procurement, promotion of external trade, etc.) and the fleshing-out of due diligence obligations (chapter III above), including the planned definition of sectoral specifications and the corresponding support services.”
CHAPTER: 3 BUSINESS AND HUMAN RIGHTS SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS
3.3.10 Procurement and Trade Regulation
Ghana’s procurement and trade laws are generally responsive to human rights issues but not adequately enforced. It is important that multinational and other companies who are beneficiaries of Ghana’s investment, trade, procurement policies and incentives must comply with Ghana’s human rights regime.
3.3.13 Consumer Protection/Anti-Competition Rules
There are several legal provisions⁵² targeted at the protection of consumers in Ghana, yet they are not harmonized. Presently, there is no public agency specifically responsible for ensuring the protection of the Ghanaian consumer. Additionally, there is weak enforcement of data protection, anti-competition laws and inadequate laws prohibiting anti-trust and price collusion in Ghana.
CHAPTER: 4 STRATEGES AND INTERVENTIONS
4.1 Strategies to achieve Key Objectives of the Three Pillars
4.1.1 Pillar 1: The State’s Duty to Protect Human Rights
Strategy: 1.16 Promote inclusion of BHR-responsive provisions and gender sensitivity clauses into trade and investment agreements
Activities: Review and integrate BHR principles into trade and investment agreements
“I believe that the protection of human rights and the promotion of economic growth, trade and investment should be complementary and mutually reinforcing”
Section 3: Actions
I. Key commitments to ensure policy coherence across government [page 17]
The Departments of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Enterprise and Innovation, Education and Skills, Transport, Tourism and Sport, Community and Rural affairs, Arts, & Heritage & the Gaeltacht, Agriculture, Fisheries and Marine
II. Initial priorities for the Business and Human Rights Implementation Group [page 18]
“xii. Create a fact sheet on the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention, the criminal offences in Irish law on bribery, the reporting systems in place for reporting suspicions of foreign corruption and the protections provided by the Protected Disclosures Act to be distributed by Enterprise Ireland to all Irish companies engaged in trade missions.”
Annex 1 – List of additional and ongoing actions to be carried out across Government
EU and Multilateral Efforts [page 20]
“7. Continue to take account of the human rights elements of European Commission impact assessments when providing input in the course of Free Trade Agreement (FTA) negotiations and support the appropriate implementation of human rights clauses in FTAs as they arise in EU Agreements.”
Trade and Investment [page 21]
“11. Provide information to participants in overseas trade missions led by Government representatives on human rights issues in the destination countries.
12. Ensure that State agencies and staff involved in promoting two-way trade and investment have received briefing and guidance on the purpose and implementation of the UN Guiding Principles.
13. Encourage Irish companies operating abroad to adopt good practice with regards to consultation with human rights defenders and civil society in local communities, particularly on environmental and labour conditions.
14. Under the aegis of the Office of Government Procurement, continue to follow good practice on procurement and human rights standards in all Requests for Tenders, in line with EU law.
15. Provide up to date guidance on the protection of human rights defenders working in the area of business and human rights through the circulation of Human Rights Defenders Guidelines to all Embassies.
16. Provide information from Embassies, working in cooperation with state agencies as appropriate, to Irish companies on business and human rights issues in their host countries.
17. Enhance awareness of human rights commitments, ethical business practice and development policy in international business promotion events, as appropriate.
18. Provide advice to business enterprises of the possible risks of human rights situations when operating in conflict affected areas.
19. Ensure awareness of the International Finance Corporation (IFC) performance standards among state owned companies that invest in or manage projects, outside of OECD high income countries, which exceed the euro equivalent of US$10 million.”
ANNEX 1 – Accountability Grid and Assessment Tools for the Implementation of the NAP
“46. Strengthen support, at international and European level, for the promotion and inclusion of social and environmental sustainability clauses in international and trade and investment treaties” (p. 68)
(2) Measures of the Government as an Actor regarding State Duty to Protect Human Rights
(…)
C. Promotion and Expansion of the Business and Human Rights Agenda in the International Community
(Existing framework/Measures taken）
In the areas directly related to business activities, the Government has incorporated clauses concerning social issues, including labour and the environment in some of the EPAs and investment treaties that Japan has signed or ratified in a manner consistent with trade rules such as those of the World Trade Organization (WTO), and promoted shared understanding between signatories on values to be respected, such as securing appropriate labour standards and conditions and protection of the environment. For example, the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP11 Agreement) includes an independent Labour Chapter and Environment Chapter as well as provisions on women’s participation, and the Japan-EU Economic Partnership Agreement (EPA) includes a Trade and Sustainable Development Chapter. On top of this, the Japan-EU EPA also stipulates that the parties shall convene joint dialogue with civil society, establishing that civil society shall play a certain role through exchange of opinions on themes such as trade and sustainable development, the environment, and labour.
(Future measures planned)
(c) Continue to contribute to discussions regarding relations between economic activities and social issues, at international forums, including international organizations such as the OECD and the World Bank [Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry]
(d）Continue to make efforts towards concluding EPAs and investment agreements that benefit not only industry but also a wide range of people, including workers [Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry]
(e）Periodically continue joint dialogue with civil society under the Japan-EU EPA (first dialogue held in January 2020) [Ministry of Foreign Affairs]
(4) Measures regarding Access to Remedy
Judicial and Non-Judicial Remedy
(Future measures planned)
(…)
(h) Continue the provision of grievance redress services in development cooperation and development financing
3.1. Pillar 1: The State Duty to Protect [Page 18]
Policy Actions
The Government will:
xii. Review current trade and investment promotion agreements and bring them into compliance with the Constitution and international human rights standards to ensure that they are not used to facilitate illicit financial flows and tax evasion by businesses.
CHAPTER FOUR: IMPLEMENTATION AND MONITORING [Page 22]
To ensure that the measures proposed in this NAP are implemented, there shall be a NAP Steering Committee overseen by the Department of Justice and the Kenya National Commission on Human Rights. The Implementing Committee will consist of representatives from the following institutions:
5. Ministry of Trade and Industrialisation
ANNEX 1: SUMMARY OF POLICY ACTIONS
Strategic Objective
Policy Actions
Key Actors
Strategic Objective 1:
Enhance existing policy, legal, regulatory and administrative framework for ensuring respect of human rights by business through legal review and development of specific guidance for business
Introduce a requirement for conducting Human Rights due diligence including the particular impacts on gender before approval of licences/permits to businesses.
OAG&DOJ; State Department of Gender; Ministry of Trade and Industrialization, Ministry of Mining
Review current trade and investment promotion agreements and bring them into compliance with the Constitution and international human rights standards and to also ensure that they are not used to facilitate illicit financial flows and tax evasion by businesses.
Ministry of Trade and Industry, KRA, Financial Reporting Centre (FRC)
‘Luxembourg’s NAP does not explicitly address this issue’
The 2020-22 NAP states the second edition of the National Action Plan complements the first NAP. Additional information about the first NAP can be found here.
A NATIONAL ACTION PLAN ON BUSINESS AND HUMAN RIGHTS IS ESSENTIAL TO MEET OUR HUMAN RIGHTS OBLIGATIONS
What is the risk of inaction?
“Reputational damage and loss of investor confidence: In June 2024, the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights Volker Türk pointed out that Malaysia’s foreign investment prospects are tied to its human rights performance, indicating that without improvements, the country could lose out on vital investments. Lacking a clear commitment to reform feeds a perception of risk that can drive investors and international partners away, harming Malaysia’s sustainable development goals and tarnishes Malaysia’s reputation as a trading partner.
ESG-linked trade barriers and exclusion from markets: A prominent example is the European Union’s Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) that will impose costs on carbon-intensive imports. Alarmingly, it is projected to impact 75 per cent of Malaysia’s exports to the EU, which accounts for eight per cent of Malaysia’s total exports between 2021 and 2023.2 Similarly, the EU and other developed markets are introducing due diligence laws to address deforestation, forced labour, and other human rights or environmental harms. The EU’s Corporate Sustainability Due Diligence Directive (CS3D) will oblige large companies to identify and address human rights and environmental risks in their supply chain. Malaysian companies that cannot demonstrate compliance with these standards may find European buyers unwilling to source from them. In e¤ect, Malaysia could be edged out of critical global value chains, not by formal sanctions, but by private sector decisions driven by foreign laws and consumer pressure.
Barriers to trade agreements and regional leadership: Beyond market access issues, absence of state-led BHR reforms impair Malaysia’s ability to negotiate trade agreements or lead on economic initiatives. Major trading partners increasingly embed human rights and sustainability clauses in trade deals and a failure to demonstrate such commitments can stall negotiations or invite stricter conditions. Regionally, as ASEAN economies develop their own BHR frameworks, Malaysia could lag behind peers in meeting new norms, potentially weakening its influence in bilateral and multilateral economic engagements.”
THEMATIC PRIORITY 1: GOVERNANCE
UNGP PILLAR 1
PROCUREMENT, INVESTMENT AND TAX
No.: G1.22
Action: Develop guidance on business and human rights-related clauses for all free trade agreements.
Output Indicator(s):
Guidance is developed that reinforces Malaysia’s position on human rights by aligning with international human, labour, and environmental rights standards when negotiating trade agreements.
Stakeholder engagement is institutionalised and the conduct of ex-ante and ex-post impact assessments of international investment agreements in the context of human, labour and environmental rights, and climate change is encouraged.
Collaborative Partner(s): Ministry of Investment, Trade and Industry (MITI); BHEUU
CHAPTER FOUR. Actions to provide remedy for human rights violations, enhance the legal framework for compensation, and improve their effectiveness
7 Raise citizens’ awareness and understanding on remedy of human rights violations.
Actions and measures to be implemented:
Promote information on mechanisms for receiving and resolving complaints related to human rights violations as stipulated in international treaties signed by Mongolia and raise awareness among citizens and the public.
Time frame: 2023-2024
Criteria: Information, guidelines, and manuals will be developed and distributed.
Implementing organisations: MFA [Ministry of Foreign Affairs], MoJHA [Ministry of Justice and Home Affairs], MLSP [Ministry of Labour and Social Protection]
Jointly implementing organisations : Relevant ministries and organisations, CMTU [Confederation of Mongolian Trade Union], IOs.
Disseminate information on international non-judicial (financial and investment) mechanisms for resolving complaints and disputes and raise awareness among citizens and the public.
Time frame: 2023-2024
Criteria: information, guidelines, and manuals will be developed and distributed. Events to promote awareness and understanding among the citizens and the general public will be organized.
Implementing organisations: MoF [Ministry of Finance], MED [Ministry of Economy and Development], MMHI [Ministry of Mining and Heavy Industry].
Jointly implementing organisations: Relevant ministries and organisations, CMTU, IOs.
Conduct legal education programmes for citizens on their right to effective remedies and compensation. Ensure that such education programmes are conducted regularly and involve civil society organisations and local organisations in the education programmes.
Time frame: 2023-2027
Criteria: The legal education program will be carried out. Local governing bodies will be obliged to dutifully participate.
Implementing organisations: MoJHA, MLSP, governors of all levels, NGOs.
Jointly implementing organisations: Relevant ministries and organisations, secretariat of the NCHR [National Committee for Human Rights], NHRCM [National Human Rights Committee of Mongolia], CMTU, IOs.
“With its revision of the National Action Plan for Business and Human Rights the government aims to formulate a comprehensive agenda on business and human rights with renewed Dutch ambitions giving substance to the obligations outlined in the UNGPs. The operationalisation of the UNGPs is not only an important theme within the Netherlands’ national and foreign human rights policy, but also as part of Dutch policy on development cooperation and foreign trade aimed at building more sustainable value chains.” P. 21.
Pillar I
Development cooperation
Sustainable trade with and investment in developing countries
“Development cooperation policy on business and human rights focuses on improving the sustainability of production and international value chains in and with developing countries in a way that helps reduce poverty and inequality. To this end it is important that a) the interests and specific situation of the developing countries in question are taken into account when designing measures aimed at making trade and investments more sustainable, and b) developing countries are supported in the transition required to meet these commitments to inclusive, green economic development.
The interests and specific circumstances of developing countries must be taken into account when drafting national, European and international agreements aimed at improving the sustainability of trade and investments. Examples include developing standards on deforestation and the climate, the circular economy, land use rights, labour, foreign trade and investments and RBC. The cornerstone of this is to determine the development impact of efforts to make trade and investment more sustainable, especially the impact on vulnerable groups such as indigenous peoples, small-scale producers, workers and agricultural labourers, with a particular focus on women and young people. This should reinforce the efforts’ positive effects and, as far as possible, prevent and mitigate any negative side effects. Developing countries receive several forms of support. First, bilateral and EU- and World Bank-led discussions take place with governments in developing countries about the transition towards greater sustainability, and ways of reducing poverty and inequality in the course of this transition. Second, Dutch civil society organisations such as trade unions and employers’ organisations receive funding to, on the one hand, strengthen sister organisations in developing countries (for example through dialogue with other local stakeholders) and, on the other, to advocate at international level the interests of, in particular, small-scale producers and workers. Third, a range of Dutch and international implementing organisations make efforts to improve the business climate and supplementary government policy in developing countries, focusing particularly on SME producers as the ones playing the most significant role in poverty alleviation. Examples include providing access to financial services, improving infrastructure and building capacity for entrepreneurs and their trade associations. Fourth, efforts are made to increase the sustainability of international value chains by working jointly with businesses, civil society organisations and other levels of government on improved procurement practices and new revenue models with a focus on work, a living wage and income, land rights and land use and the elimination of child labour.” p. 46
ACTION POINTS PILLAR 1
Aim
Responsible party
Timeline
Sustainable trade with and investment in developing countries
Strengthen collaboration between ministries by establishing an interministerial working group to conduct a permanent dialogue on sustainable trade and investments, focusing on specific high-risk value chains with a strong Dutch footprint.
Enhance learning capacity regarding policy coherence on sustainable trade and investments and on business and human rights
All ministries involved, with BZ taking the initiative.
From 2022
Research, monitor and evaluate the impact on developing/producing countries of national, European and international sets of rules and standards aimed at improving the sustainability of trade and investments, where possible under the auspices of the EU and supported by local stakeholder consultations
Enhance learning capacity regarding policy coherence on sustainable trade and investments and on business and human rights.
BZ
On introduction of new proposals and during implementation
p. 49
Foreign trade and investment
“Trade and investment agreements need to not only broaden and deepen countries’ economic relationship but also contribute to improved labour rights and environmental protection. EU trade and investment agreements, for example, include commitments on promoting and implementing obligations relating to fundamental labour rights and on honouring commitments agreed in multilateral environmental treaties. The Netherlands endeavours in the EU and beyond to provide economic support to developing countries, for example through favourable trade rules. The Generalised Scheme of Preferences (GSP), for example, enables least developed countries to import goods into the EU without paying import duty. The European Commission has submitted a new proposal to replace the current GSP, which expires at the end of 2023. The Commission proposal would make some changes aimed at improving the social, labour and climate dimensions of the Scheme. The government is on the whole supportive of the European Commission’s proposals and will continue its efforts during ongoing negotiations to preserve the generous nature of the instrument. By linking the ratification and effective implementation of international agreements to tariff preferences, the GSP promotes the right to development and respect for human rights in developing countries. As part of the EU’s new trade policy strategy, the European Commission is reviewing its approach to trade and sustainable development commitments in trade agreements and aims to present the outcome for discussion at the European Council in mid-2022.
The Netherlands has contributed to this review and will build on its current commitment to ambitious and rigorous compliance with agreements on trade and sustainable development, to ensure that parties take action on a non-discriminatory basis to protect public interests such as human rights, labour conditions and the environment.
EU trade agreements also factor in the discrepancy between the level of economic development of trading partners. Examples of such agreements include the Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs) which the EU has negotiated with various African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) developing countries and with trading blocs. EPAs are asymmetrical trade agreements, with the EU giving full access to its market (‘duty and quota-free’). The EPA partners, on the other hand, can completely exclude certain products from liberalisation, while other products have long transition periods. Such agreements are therefore dependent on the level of development and the capacity of country markets to open up to outside competition. The European Commission’s negotiating mandate with ACP countries was modernised and expanded in 2019 to include, among other things, sustainable development and investments
EPAs are also governed by the Cotonou Agreement and as such have a strong focus on development. EPAs should therefore also be seen as a useful platform through which ACP countries and the EU can discuss technical assistance for sustainable development. A striking example of this is the cacao initiative in Ghana and Côte d’Ivoire. The Dutch government supports the European Commission’s efforts to further develop the EPAs into comprehensive accords.” pp 50 and 51.
ACTION POINTS PILLAR 1
Aim
Responsible party
Timeline
Foreign trade and investment
Strive to ensure that negotiations maintain the generous character of a new Generalised Scheme of Preferences (GSP) and strengthen the GSP provisions with a social, labour and climate focus.
Integrate appropriate international business and human rights frameworks into the GSP Regulation.
BZ
Up to end of 2023
Strive for ambitious commitments and robust compliance with agreements on trade and human rights, working conditions and the environment during negotiations on new and existing EU trade agreements.
Integrate relevant international business and human rights frameworks into the EU’s trade policy strategy
BZ
Begin 2022 to end of negotiations
p. 52.
Pillar III
Strengthening non-judicial state mechanisms
National Contact Point for OECD Guidelines (NCP)
“… The government values a well-functioning NCP as one of the state-based mechanisms for access to remedy. It is therefore important to continue to reinforce the NCP and its recommendations. One way of doing this is to give the NCP’s work more weight in trade instruments. A company’s attitude to a possible NCP notification is already taken into account when considering its participation in trade missions. A balanced expansion of this practice to other instruments will encourage cooperation of business in an NCP process.” p. 70.
The Nigeria NAP provides a list of existing constitutional obligations, domestic legislation, internation obligations, and police and administrative steps. This breakdown only looks at the list of challenges and the implementation of the 3 pillars of the UNGPs.
The Nigerian NAP on Business and Human Rights does not address Trade.
Globalisation is therefore a basically positive process, and over the last 20 years Norway has benefited from global trade. (…) Although Europe and the Nordic countries are our most important trading partners, trade with and investment in Asia, South America and Africa are growing.
1.1 Developing an international framework [page 12]:
The idea behind this is that business is a driving force for globalisation that can help ensure that trade, markets and technology are developed in ways that benefit economies and societies throughout the world.
…
1.4 Purpose of The Action Plan, [page 14]:
Norwegian foreign and development policy is based on promoting democracy, human rights, growth economies that create jobs, a proactive trade policy, sustainable development and an international legal order. We are also intensifying our economic diplomacy efforts by focusing more strongly on trade, energy and climate, and, in our development policy, on private sector development.
…
2.8 Free-trade agreements and investments contracts [page 26]:
Norway is bound by reciprocal obligations through its membership of international trade organisations such as EFTA and WTO. The Ministry of Trade, Industry and Fisheries has the overall responsibility for bilateral free trade agreements (EFTA) and investment contracts, while the Ministry of Foreign Affairs is responsible for WTO negotiations.
…
Measures [page 27]:
Seek to ensure that provisions on respect for human rights, including fundamental workers’ rights, and the environment are included in bilateral free trade and investment agreements.
CHAPTER 3: National Action Plan Priority Areas and Proposed Actions
3.2 NAP Priority Areas
3.2.3 | Human Rights Due Diligence (page 25)
‘Pakistan benefits from trade schemes such as GSP+, and the continuous and improved protection of human rights in business activity will only serve to further strengthen Pakistan’s international trading relationships.’
Proposed Actions
Federal (page 26)
‘34. Conduct a study on the potential impact of the future enactment of mandatory human rights due diligence legislation by major trading partners, such as the European Union, on Pakistan’s competitiveness in export markets, inflows of foreign direct investment, Pakistan’s role in global supply chains, and schemes such as GSP+.
Performance indicator(s): (i) Assessment report
UN Guiding Principle(s): 1, 2, 3, 8, 9
Relevant SDG(s): Goal 8 – Decent Work and Economic Growth; Goal 12 – Responsible Consumption and Production; Goal 17 – Partnerships for the Goals’
This information is also covered under Annex 1: Implementation Plan, Proposed Action 34 designating the Ministry of Commerce as Leading Entity (page 56).
CHAPTER II: THE BUSINESS AND HUMAN RIGHTS SITUATION IN PERU
Over the last two decades, Peru has become an upper-middle income economy that is highly dependent on international trade and investment, and characterized by persistently high levels of informality (cf. OECD, 2020b, pp. 19-20). In this context, RBC has established itself with greater interest on the national agenda, which probably responds both to the growing adoption of RBC at the global level and to the increasing number of issues linked to the negative impacts of business: social conflicts, environmental and human rights concerns, and demands for greater transparency and better governance (cf. OECD, 2020b, pp. 20-21). – page 32
Implementation of the Act on Counteracting the Unfair Use of Contractual Advantage in the Trade in Agricultural and Food Products
[page 27] “Since July 2017, the provisions of the Act on Counteracting the Unfair Use of Contractual Advantage in the Trade in Agricultural and Food Products (Journal of Laws of 2020, item 1213) have been in force in Poland. The provisions of the Act are aimed at eliminating the use of unfair trade practices in the supply chain of agricultural raw materials and food. A situation of considerable imbalance in the economic potential of enterprises may lead to unfair trade practices whereby larger and stronger trading partners try to impose practices or contractual arrangements favourable to them on the weaker party. (…) The implementation of the provisions of said Directive significantly changes the scope of the previously applied Act of 15 December 2016 on Counteracting the Unfair Use of Contractual Advantage in the Trade in Agricultural and Food Products. In view of the foregoing, the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development has drafted a new Act on Counteracting the Unfair Use of Contractual Advantage in the Trade in Agricultural and Food Products. (…) The new Act on 28 Counteracting the Unfair Use of Contractual Advantage in the Trade in Agricultural and Food Products will be more effective in limiting practices which may negatively affect the efficient functioning of the agricultural and food product supply chain and will also ensure effective mutual cooperation of relevant authorities of the Member States, and their cooperation with the European Commission”.
11. Ministry of Foreign Affairs
[page 30-31]
Authorisation to export arms and military equipment
“The Security Policy Department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs will take into account the United Nations Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights in the course of assessment procedure regarding applications for granting permission to export arms and military equipment, in accordance with Articles 12 and 12 a. of the Act of 29 November 2000 on Foreign Trade in Goods, Technologies and Services of Strategic Significance for State Security and for Maintaining International Peace and Security and Article 88 of the Act of 13 June 2019 on Conditions of Business Activity related to the Production of and Trade in Explosives, Weapons and Ammunition, as well as Products and Technologies to be used for Military or Police Purposes. A criterion taken into account by the Department when assessing applications for the granting of export licences is, inter alia, a risk assessment as to whether the arms to be exported could be used for activities in violation of international humanitarian law or whether the granting of the licence would have a negative impact on respect for human rights.”
14. Office of Competition and Consumer Protection
Tasks related to counteracting the unfair use of contractual advantage
[page 40]
“The President of the Office of Competition and Consumer Protection will continue to perform tasks related to counteracting the unfair use of contractual advantage in trade in agricultural and food products. Their main objective will still be to improve the situation of the weaker participants of the agri-food market through ongoing monitoring of the situation in its individual segments, as well as carrying out explanatory and relevant proceedings in a consistent manner. The activity of the President of the Office of Competition and Consumer Protection should lead to an increase in the level of awareness of agri-food market participants, and thus result in a decrease in the number of violations. The implementation of Directive (EU) 2019/633 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 April 2019 on unfair trading practices in business-to-business relationships in the agricultural and food supply chain, which will entail the adoption of a new Act on Counteracting the Unfair Use of Contractual Advantage in the Trade in Agricultural and Food Products, will have a significant impact on the tasks performed by the President of the Office of Competition and Consumer Protection as regards the matters in question.”
Common trade policy falls within the exclusive competence of the European Union, a member of which is also Slovenia, and therefore Slovenia does not conclude preferential trade agreements with other countries. The latest trade agreements contain sustainable development provisions, which require that the signatories respect workers’ rights by acceding to ILO conventions, to protect the environment and to observe the provisions contained in the OECD Guidelines for multinational enterprises. (pg. 30)
Revision of 「Procurement Business Act」 and addition of an article promoting corporate social responsibility on January 2016
* Article 3-2 (Encouraging Social Responsibility)
The administrator of the Public Procurement Service may reflect social and environmental values such as … fair trade, … in the procurement process to encourage corporate social responsibility.
“The Government will train the personnel of the State Foreign Service, in accordance with Law 2/2014, of March 25, of the Action and of State the Foreign Service, as well as to the agencies in charge of the internationalization of business abroad about the responsibility of companies to respect human rights and due diligence and redress procedures, and will incorporate the Guiding Principles into the Annual Plans for External Action and the Brand Spain. Likewise, through its Diplomatic Missions, Permanent Representations and respective Sectorial Offices, especially the Economic and Commercial Offices, as well as through the Consular Offices, Technical Cooperation Offices and Training Centers of Spanish Cooperation AECID abroad, will disseminate tools and guidelines according to the characteristics of each country.”
Guiding Principle 4
Measure 1
“Within one year after the approval of this Plan, a Working Group will be created within the framework of the Strategic Plan for the Internationalization of the Spanish Economy, which will develop a specific Action Plan to examine the coherence of policies to support business internationalization, and its alignment with the Guiding Principles. The Working Group, which will present its conclusions to the Government, will study how cooperation for development, official credit agencies, export credit and official insurance or investment guarantee agencies of all administrations are able to condition, modulate or revise its support for investment based on the exercise of the responsibility to respect human rights by the beneficiary companies, both inside and outside of Spanish territory.”
Measure 2
“The Government will carry out an raising-awareness and training campaign on the Guiding Principles directed at all government departments and agencies, and other state institutions that support the internationalization of the Spanish companies.”
Guiding Principle 8
Measure 1
“The Ministries of the Treasury and Public Function; Foreign Affairs and Cooperation; Economy, Industry and Competitiveness; Energy, Tourism and Digital Agenda will train and provide support on the Guiding Principles through their dependent agencies, to departments, government agencies and other state institutions that encourage and support the creation of businesses, business competitiveness and commercial and financial business practices in order to promote the coherence of policies and processes with the Guiding Principles and the international standards of human rights mandatory for Spain.”
Guiding Principle 9
Measure 1
“The Government will promote the inclusion of references to the respect of human rights in agreements on trade, investment or other related business activities signed by Spain that affect the scope of the Guiding Principles. Likewise, the Government will promote the inclusion of such references in the agreements entered into by the European Union with third-party States.”
“Business and respect for human rights go hand in hand and should be part of an active corporate social responsibility policy. Corporate social responsibility therefore plays an important role in both trade policy and export promotion. We are now developing a more ambitious policy for corporate social responsibility while working on an export strategy to strengthen export and internationalisation opportunities for Swedish companies in important growth markets around the world. Our export strategy will help to ensure that Sweden has the lowest unemployment rate in the EU by 2020.”
The three pillars of the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights [page 6-7]
“The action plan is also an important part of the Government’s heightened ambitions for foreign trade, through the export strategy, CSR and other areas. …
Trade and CSR can also help influence the human rights situation in other countries, for example where respect for democracy and human rights is inadequate.”
Annex: Measures taken [page 21-24]
The State as actor
“Sweden has pushed for the inclusion of references to CSR in the chapters on sustainability in the EU’s bilateral and regional trade agreements, investment agreements and partnership and cooperation agreements. …
The conduct of companies in relation to armed conflicts is highly relevant to respect for human rights. Sweden has proposed sharper formulations in the draft regulation on responsible trade in minerals from conflict areas that is currently being discussed in the EU. In other words, we consider it should be mandatory for importers from particularly problematic countries to obtain certification. Sweden is carrying out awareness-raising activities on this issue and supports the OECD’s work on how companies are to identify risks in the supply chain and avoid trade in conflict minerals (OECD Due Diligence Guidance for Responsible Supply Chains of Minerals from Conflict-Affected and High-Risk Areas).”
Action by government agencies
“Business Sweden (the Swedish Trade & Invest Council) is required to follow the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights …”
Annex: Measures planned [page 27-29]
“The Government aims to raise its ambitions in foreign trade, including in CSR and implementation of the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights. To achieve these aims, a number of concrete measures will be implemented by 2017.”
Trade promotion
“Business Sweden (the Swedish Trade & Invest Council) will be instructed to strengthen its implementation of the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights and, in particular, to support small and medium-sized enterprises in this area.
Sweden will act to ensure that the EU includes references to CSR, including the UN Guiding Principles for Business and Human Rights, in the sustainability chapters of its bilateral and regional trade agreements, investment agreements and partnership and cooperation agreements.
Sweden will work with like-minded countries in the EU to strengthen EU policy in this area, for example, by persuading more EU countries to adopt national action plans based on the Guidelines.
In the OECD, Sweden will work to strengthen efforts to promote the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises among non-OECD countries.”
The State as development partner
“The Government will integrate sustainability issues into trade policy and export promotion and in the context of the relaunch of the Policy for Global Development and its efforts to contribute to the new global sustainable development goals (SDGs).”
Promotion of international exchange and cooperation (page 7)
‘Taiwan has inserted “CSR clauses,” “investment/environmental/labor clauses,” and “general exceptions” into previously signed trade and investment agreements, so our government has taken concrete actions to safeguard human rights.’
This information is also covered under Appendix 4: Overview of the implementation of the state duty to protect and the access to remedy, The state duty to protect, UNGP9, Actions taken (page 49).
C. Actions planned
Actively incorporate human rights clauses into economic and trade agreements (page 10)
‘In the future, during the process of discussing and signing bilateral or multilateral economic and trade agreements, Taiwan’s government agencies in charge of economic and trade negotiations will also continue seeking to include human rights clauses to be observed by all signatories.’
This information is also covered under Appendix 4: Overview of the implementation of the state duty to protect and the access to remedy, The state duty to protect, UNGP9, Actions planned (page 50).
Appendix 1: Concrete actions taken by Taiwan to fulfill the state obligation to protect
Promotion of international consensus and cooperation (pages 28-29)
‘In line with this, Taiwan has included CSR, environmental, and worker rights clauses, as well as “general exceptions,” in many of its trade and investment agreements, such as the following:
A CSR clause is included as Article 12 of the bilateral investment agreement (BIA) between the Taipei Economic and Cultural Center in India and the India-Taipei Association.
Inclusion of “investment/environment/labor” clauses: Host states shall not attract investment by relaxing health, safety, or environmental protections, or by lowering labor standards. At present, Taiwan has several free trade agreements (FTAs) with such clauses, including Article 10.15 of the Taiwan-Guatemala FTA, Article 10.11 of the Taiwan-Nicaragua FTA, Article 10.16 of the Taiwan-El Salvador-Honduras FTA, Article 24 of the Taiwan -Japan BIA, and Article 12.16 of the Taiwan-New Zealand FTA.
“General exception” clauses: These clauses focus on the following twin 29 themes: 1) investment agreement specifications shall not be interpreted as prohibiting host states from adopting necessary measures based on public interests, such as protecting human health, and 2) such measures should not cause arbitrary or unreasonable discrimination against investors. Such “general exception” clauses are included in Article 16 of the Taiwan-St. Vincent BIA, Article 16 of the Taiwan-Philippines BIA, and Article 31 of the Taiwan-India BIA.’
3 The core content of the National Action Plan on Business and Human Rights
3.4 Action Plan on Cross Border Investment and Multinational Enterprises
3.4.2 Challenges
Investment promotion
Government should consider human rights impacts before signing international trade or investment agreements and treaties. Review provisions for a stabilization clause in the investment agreement that will not affect government policies to promote the UNGPs. Measures for business organizations located in the territory or jurisdiction of the sovereignty of Thailand must comply with The UNGPs.
3.4.3 Action Plan (2019–2022)
Pillar 1: State duties in protecting (Protect)
No.
Issues
Activities
Responsible agencies
Time-frame (2019–2022)
Indicators (wide frame)
Compliance with National Strategy/ SDGs/UNGPs
3.
Promotion of Investment
Consider measures to encourage business organizations which are located in the territory or jurisdiction of Thailand’s sovereignty to abide by the UNGPs.
In initiating or developing projects, consideration must be given to public benefits, rights of public participation and impact on people in the area before deciding to proceed with the project
– Office of the Securities and Exchange Commission
2019–2022
Training for business organizations that are located in the territory or jurisdiction of Thailand’s sovereignty to abide by the UNGPs
– National Strategy for National Competitiveness Enhancement
– National Strategy for Human Capital Development and Strengthening
– SDG 8 and 16
– UNGPs Articles 1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9 and 10
Create awareness, promote and facilitate business for Thai investors going to foreign countries to respect the principles of human rights as well as comply with various rules including regulations regarding human rights of the host country by consider making guidelines for investment in each country
– Office of the Board of Investment
– Bank for Export and Import of Thailand
– Office of the Securities and Exchange Commission
– Ministry of Commerce (Department of Trade Promotion International)
2019–2022
Entrepreneurs who are going to invest in foreign countries trained and educated to respect human rights principles
– National Strategy for National Competitiveness Enhancement
– National Strategy for Human Capital Development and Strengthening
The UK 2016 NAP refers to trade in section Government commitments [page 11]:
“The Government will do the following to reinforce its implementation of its commitments under Pillar 1 of the UNGPs:
Support the EU commitment to consider the possible human rights impacts of free trade agreements, including where these include investment protection provisions, and take appropriate steps including through the incorporation of human rights clauses as appropriate.”
The UK 2016 NAP states in the section on Actions taken to support business implementation of the UNGPs that [page 16]:
“To help businesses to fulfil their responsibility to respect human rights the Government has:
(vii) continued to update and promote the joint FCO-UKTI Overseas Business Risk (OBR) service, which provides information about business environments in the countries where UK Trade and Investment (UKTI) has a presence, to ensure it includes specific country human rights information and links to the UNGPs and other relevant tools and guidance.
Section I: Responsible Business Conduct and Due Diligence …
“Prohibitions against federal contractors and sub-contractors engaging in trafficking in persons or using forced or indentured child labor; preferential purchasing for sustainable environmental practices in new contracts; export controls; and trade laws and regulations are all tools the USG uses to promote RBC and incentivize due diligence in both the private and public sectors.” (p.6-7)
Section III: Additional National Action Plan Commitments …
Table 1: Expanding Engagement and Coordination on Responsible Business Conduct Commitments
“Through the Public-Private Alliance for Responsible Minerals Trade (PPA), the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) will promote increased alignment of industry operations and governance mechanisms to the OECD Guidance and local governance expectations; amplify insights from high-quality independent data that identify key barriers to impactful due diligence; and test and analyze solutions to these challenges. The PPA is a global partnership between civil society, the USG, and the private sector to leverage members’ knowledge, networks, and experience to inform global responsible minerals sourcing.” (p.17)
Table 4: Technology Commitments
The Department of State is “releasing U.S. Guidance for Online Platforms on Protecting HRDs. The USG, building upon joint guidance released with the European Union through the U.S.-EU Trade and Technology Council, is publishing detailed guidance for online platforms on how companies can effectively collaborate and coordinate with civil society and other relevant stakeholders to identify, address, mitigate, prevent, and enable access to remedies for online threats and attacks against HRDs.” (p.28)
Workers’ Rights
“[…] The USG regularly leverages its diplomatic engagement, trade policy, programming, and reporting to foster respect for internationally recognized labor rights and help develop commitments by key stakeholders to respect these rights. This includes a steadfast commitment to promoting RBC both domestically and internationally. […]
Table 5: Workers’ Right Commitments
The Office of the U.S. Trade Representative (USTR) will address forced labor in traded goods and services by establishing a Forced Labor Trade Strategy to identify priorities and establish an action plan for utilizing existing and potential new trade tools. USTR will conduct an interagency review across the USG through the Trade Policy Staff Committee’s Subcommittee on Trade, Forced Labor, and Child Labor to examine existing trade policies and tools used to combat forced labor, including forced child labor, in order to identify areas that may need to be strengthened and gaps that may need to be filled. USTR will use this analysis to establish objectives, priorities, new tools, and key action items to advance development of the strategy. The process will maximize input from stakeholders, including victims; labor and human rights organizations; civil society; and the private sector.” (p.30)
Table 6: Environment, Climate, and Just Transitions Commitments
The Office of the US Trade Representative will “advance environmental sustainability at home and abroad by prioritizing trade policies that are resilient, sustainable, and inclusive in the implementation of its framework to advance environmental sustainability. USTR will leverage trade policy tools and associated cooperation to advance environmental sustainability and support mitigating the impact of the climate crisis on underserved and overburdened communities, including by pressing trade partners to continually reassess domestic policies to ensure they provide for high levels of environmental protection.”
The Department of State, “in partnership with the U.S. Department of Agricultures’ Forest Service, will implement a program in Free Trade Agreement (FTA) partner countries to increase capacity at seed banks and nurseries to promote women’s leadership and expertise.” (p.34)
b) To ensure compliance with Viet Nam’s international commitments in bilateral and multilateral economic cooperation frameworks, especially the Viet Nam-European Union Free Trade Agreement (EVFTA), the EU-Viet Nam Free Trade Agreement (EVFTA), and the EU-Viet Nam Free Trade Agreement (EVFTA), and the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP).
Belgium (2017 - open)
Chile (2017-2020)
Colombia (2020-2022)
Czechia (2017-2022)
Denmark (2014-open)
Finland (2014-2016)
France (2017-open)
Georgia (2018-2020)
Germany (2016-2020)
Ghana (2025 - 2029)
Indonesia (2023-2025)
Ireland (2017-2020)
Italy (2021-2026)
Japan (2020-2025)
Kenya (2020-2025)
Liberia (2024 - 2028)
Lithuania (2015-open)
Luxembourg (2020-2022)
Malaysia (2025-2030)
Mongolia (2023-2027)
Netherlands (2022-2026)
Nigeria (2024-2028)
Norway (2015-open)
Pakistan (2021-2026)
Peru (2021-2025)
Poland (2021-2024)
Slovenia (2018-open)
South Korea (2018-2022)
Spain (2017-2020)
Sweden (2017-open)
Thailand (2019-2022)
Uganda (2021-2026)
United Kingdom (2016-open)
United States (2024 - open)
